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22881. 题目: Structure of infaunal communities in New Zealand submarine canyons is linked to origins of sediment organic matter Submarine canyons can facilitate the transfer of land‐derived organic matter to the deep sea. Here, we investigated links between variability in organic matter availability from land and marine sources and infauna communities in two contrasting canyon systems off New Zealand and used stable isotope analyses to identify potential food sources of benthic invertebrates. Kaikōura Canyon, a steep, short canyon close to the shore, was characterized by high food availability and varying proportions of marine‐ and land‐derived organic matter, whereas Hokitika Canyon, a narrow and lower‐gradient canyon that extends further from the coast, was characterized by low food availability and mostly land‐derived sediment organic matter throughout. Both macrofaunal and meiofaunal abundance and biomass were greater in Kaikōura Canyon than in Hokitika Canyon. Correlation analyses suggested that land‐derived organic matter may contribute to increased meiofaunal abundance in Kaikōura Canyon. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses, however, did not provide unequivocal support for the uptake of land‐derived material by large benthic invertebrates in Kaikōura Canyon. Infaunal abundance and biomass were low throughout Hokitika Canyon despite similar concentrations of land‐derived organic matter in sediments of both canyons, which suggests that variations in marine‐derived organic matter inputs is the main driver of community differences among canyons. Refractory vascular plant material by itself may not provide an adequate food supply to infaunal organisms, but may represent a complementary food resource when more labile marine phytodetritus is also readily available. | |||||
22882. 题目: Phosphonate cycling supports methane and ethylene supersaturation in the phosphate‐depleted western North Atlantic Ocean In oligotrophic ocean regions, dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) plays a prominent role as a source of phosphorus (P) to microorganisms. An important bioavailable component of DOP is phosphonates, organophosphorus compounds with a carbon‐phosphorus (C‐P) bond, which are ubiquitous in high molecular weight dissolved organic matter (HMWDOM). In addition to being a source of P, the degradation of phosphonates by the bacterial C‐P lyase enzymatic pathway causes the release of trace hydrocarbon gases relevant to climate and atmospheric chemistry. In this study, we investigated the roles of phosphate and phosphonate cycling in the production of methane (CH4) and ethylene (C2H4) in the western North Atlantic Ocean, a region that features a transition in phosphate concentrations from coastal to open ocean waters. We observed an inverse relationship between phosphate and the saturation state of CH4 and C2H4 in the water column, and between phosphate and the relative abundance of the C‐P lyase marker gene phnJ. In phosphate‐depleted waters, methylphosphonate and 2‐hydroxyethylphosphonate, the C‐P lyase substrates that yield CH4 and C2H4, respectively, were readily degraded in proportions consistent with their abundance and bioavailability in HMWDOM and with the concentrations of CH4 and C2H4 in the water column. We conclude that phosphonate degradation through the C‐P lyase pathway is an important source and a common production pathway of CH4 and C2H4 in the phosphate‐depleted surface waters of the western North Atlantic Ocean and that phosphate concentration can be an important control on the saturation state of these gases in the upper ocean. | |||||
22883. 题目: Declines in plant productivity drive loss of soil elevation in a tidal freshwater marsh exposed to saltwater intrusion We experimentally increased salinities in a tidal freshwater marsh on the Altamaha River (Georgia, USA) by exposing the organic rich soils to 3.5 yr of continuous (press) and episodic (pulse) treatments with dilute seawater to simulate the effects of climate change such as sea level rise (press) and drought (pulse). We quantified changes in root production and decomposition, soil elevation, and soil C stocks in replicated (n = 6) 2.5 × 2.5 m field plots. Elevated salinity had no effect on root decomposition, but it caused a significant reduction in root production and belowground biomass that is needed to build and maintain soil elevation capital. The lack of carbon inputs from root production resulted in reduced belowground biomass of 1631 ± 308 vs. 2964 ± 204 g/m2 in control plots and an overall 2.8 ± 0.9 cm decline in soil surface elevation in the press plots in the first 3.5 yr, whereas the control (no brackish water additions) and the fresh (river water only) treatments gained 1.2 ± 0.4 and 1.7 ± 0.3 cm, respectively, in a 3.5‐yr period. There was no change in elevation of pulse plots after 3.5 yr. Based on measurements of bulk density and soil C, the decline of 2.8 cm of surface elevation resulted in a loss of 1.4 ± 0.08 kg C/m2 in press plots. In contrast, the control and the fresh treatment plots gained 0.7 ± 0.05 and 0.8 ± 0.05 kg C/m2, respectively, which represents a net change in C storage of more than 2 kg C/m2. We conclude that, when continuously exposed to saltwater intrusion, the tidal freshwater marsh's net primary productivity, especially root production, and not decomposition, are the main drivers of soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation. Reduced productivity leads to loss of soil elevation and soil C, which has important implications for tidal freshwater marsh persistence in the face of rising sea level. | |||||
22884. 题目: Rainfall drives rapid shifts in carbon and nutrient source-sink dynamics of an urbanised, mangrove-fringed estuary | |||||
22885. 题目: Dynamic changes in microbial communities and nutrient stoichiometry associated with soil aggregate structure in restored wetlands Available information on interaction mechanisms between soil nutrient stoichiometry and microbial communities associated with soil aggregate structure in restored wetlands remains limited. As such, this study investigated water-stable aggregate structure using wet-sieving method and scanning electron microscope (SEM) in restored wetlands with a restoration duration of 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 13 or 19 years, and their internal nutrient stoichiometry and microbial communities (phospholipid fatty acid analysis, PLFAs). The results showed that soil aggregate structure tended to be stable from the fifth restoration year. In the restored wetlands, General bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria (G+), and Gram-negative bacteria (G−) were the dominant components of soil microorganisms, which tented to condense in coarse-aggregates. The carbon-to-phosphorus (C:P) and nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N:P) ratios were higher in coarse-aggregates since C and N benefit from the physical protection. Redundancy analysis (RDA) results indicated that C:N ratio was primary environmental factors controlling the distribution of soil microbial communities. In the Sanjiang Plain, the soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition was lower, and N was the primary nutrient limiting wetland restoration quality. | |||||
22886. 题目: High-throughput assessment of soil carbonate minerals in urban environments As urbanization expands, interest in understanding soil properties and functions in urban environments has also increased. Urban soils play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle. Due to natural and human influences on various forms of C, quantifying soil inorganic carbon (SIC) becomes critical in urban areas. In this study, the suitability of diffuse reflectance mid-infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (mid-DRIFTS) to rapidly estimate calcite and dolomite concentrations was tested. Also, the effectiveness of HCl acid pre-treatment to remove carbonates to enable proper estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in urban soils was evaluated. Specific mid-infrared frequencies known to be associated with carbonates, i.e. dolomite and calcite, were identified, and specific peak areas were measured and calibrated with results obtained with the volumetric calcimeter method. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate total carbonates with peaks areas at 2930 cm−1, 2515 cm−1 and 730 cm−1 resulting in a 3.72% root mean squared error of an independent validation set (RMSEV). Greater prediction accuracy of calcite (875 cm−1) and dolomite (875 cm−1 and 730 cm−1) were achieved using single peaks in bivariate relationships resulting in RMSEV of 1.27% and 4.22%, respectively. Soil samples were treated with 1 M HCl for 24 h to remove carbonates, and total carbonate, dolomite, and calcite contents were estimated again using both volumetric calcimeter and mid-DRIFTS. The reduction in carbonate concentrations post-acid treatment was considerable (97% for dolomite, and 96% for calcite and total carbonates), but was not complete. Thus, this could compromise quantification of other soil carbon fractions such as total SOC. Using mid-DRIFTS peak areas of CO3−2 functional groups represents a robust alternative for rapid, fast, and low-cost laboratory measurements of soil carbonates, and this high-throughput approach may be used in assays aiming to minimize carbonate interference in SOC estimations. | |||||
22887. 题目: Combination of soil texture with Nix color sensor can improve soil organic carbon prediction The optimum ecosystem functioning is reliant on soil organic carbon (SOC) content which is traditionally measured in the laboratory via a cumbersome wet-chemistry method. This preliminary research tested whether a combination of Nix color sensor and portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometer data with soil texture data can improve soil SOC prediction accuracy relative to using them independently. A total of 371 samples representing diverse soil texture and SOC content were collected from three different ecoregions of eastern India: coastal saline zone, red and lateritic zone, and Gangetic alluvial zone. All dried, ground, and sieved samples were scanned via Nix and PXRF and random forest (RF) regression was used to predict soil SOC with different combinations of data. Soils were grouped into nine textural classes while soil SOC content exhibited substantial variability (0.08–2.26%). Comparing soil SOC with texture (sand + silt + clay), satisfactory prediction accuracy was observed (validation R2 = 0.70). Combining Nix extracted color parameters with texture substantially improved the model performance, producing the validation determination coefficient of 0.81. In contrast, PXRF-Rb, as a proxy of soil clay content was unable to achieve satisfactory prediction performance (R2 = 0.24), indicating the heterogeneity in soil mineralogical composition. The RF variable importance plot using Nix alone identified redness (a*) and yellowness to blueness (b*) as influential predictors, manifesting the impact of red color from Fe and Al-oxides and their significant negative correlation with soil SOC (r = −0.62 and −0.57 for a* and b*, respectively). These color parameters were again identified by the RF variable importance plot of (Texture + Nix)-model, implying that the SOC prediction improvement may be linked with the Nix sensor's capability of extracting useful information in the visible range. Summarily, a combination of Nix color variables and texture data was adept at predicting soil SOC in lieu of traditional laboratory analysis. The robustness of the (Texture + Nix)-based SOC prediction model can be augmented by incorporating more soil samples representing all 12 soil textural classes and variable SOC content, showing all possible soil colors in the pedogenic environment. | |||||
22888. 题目: Predicting soil organic carbon movement and concentration using a soil erosion and Landscape Evolution Model Explicit relationships and numerical models that link landscape and topographic characteristics with soil organic carbon (SOC) processes are needed. Here we calibrate a digital elevation model based Landscape Evolution Model (LEM) (SIBERIA) and assess both its ability to predict erosion and deposition and the spatial patterns of SOC. The LEM is capable of predicting both erosion and deposition at the hillslope and catchment scale. The LEM is calibrated for the site using a field data approach as well as using a laboratory flume. The predicted soil erosion rates from the LEM (1.7–2.1 t ha−1 yr−1) compare well with independently determined erosion rates using 137Cs (2.1 to 3.4 t ha−1 yr−1). We also investigate field measured and modelled soil organic carbon movement using the LEM in relation to predicted erosion and deposition patterns and find that erosion and deposition patterns are related to the spatial patterns of SOC. This is the first time that a DEM based LEM has been shown to provide reliable prediction of not just soil erosion but also SOC. The results demonstrate that the majority of SOC is being transported in the near surface soil layer (top 2 cm) and that turnover at greater depths is slower and does not correspond with any modelled patterns. The modelled erosion and deposition suggests that on average 0.06 t ha−1 yr−1 of SOC is exported by erosion from the hillslope assuming a good vegetation cover. However if the hillslope is subjected to disturbance (i.e. tillage, overgrazing) then the site will export 0.46 t ha−1 yr-1of SOC. Laboratory results using flume suggest that there was no enrichment of SOC in the eroded sediment. The methods outlined here provide a new approach to quantify the dynamic movement of sediment and SOC at both the hillslope and catchment scale. | |||||
22889. 题目: Biochemical changes and distribution of nitrogen from bands of stabilised N-fertilizers in contrasting soils | |||||
22890. 题目: Effects of bacterial community composition and structure in drinking water distribution systems on biofilm formation and chlorine resistance Community-intrinsic properties affect the composition and function of a microbial community. Understanding the microbial community-intrinsic properties in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) could help to select disinfection strategies and aid in the prevention of waterborne infectious diseases. In this study, we investigated the formation of multi-species biofilms in six groups, each consisting of four or five mixed bacterial strains isolated from a simulated DWDS, at different incubation times (24, 48, and 72 h). We then evaluated the chlorine resistance of the 72-h multi-species biofilms in the presence of 0.3, 0.6, 1, 2, 4, and 10 mg/L residual chlorine. Microbacterium laevaniformans inhibited the formation of multi-species biofilms, Sphingomonas sp., Acinetobacter sp. and A. deluvii had the effect of promoting their growth, and B. cereus has little effect on the growth of multi-species biofilms. However, these inhibition and promotion effects were weak and inadequate to completely control the growth of multi-species biofilms. All multi-species produced strong biofilms after 72 h incubation, which could be due to microbial community-intrinsic properties. Community-intrinsic properties could maintain high EPS production and cell-to-cell connections in multi-species biofilms, and could affect the formation of multi-species biofilms. The chlorine resistance of multi-species biofilms was significantly improved by B. cereus, but significantly reduced by M. laevaniformans. These results indicated that the microbial community-intrinsic properties were influenced by the environment. At a relatively low disinfectant concentration (<2 mg/L residual chlorine), the community-intrinsic properties were maintained; however, when the disinfectant concentration was increased to 2–4 mg/L residual chlorine, the community-intrinsic properties weakened, and significantly affected the resistance of the microbial communities to the disinfectant. With further increases in concentration, to >4 mg/L residual chlorine, no significant difference was observed in the disinfectant resistance of the microbial community. | |||||
22891. 题目: Differential recruitment of opportunistic taxa leads to contrasting abilities in carbon processing by bathypelagic and surface microbial communities Different factors affect the way dissolved organic matter (DOM) is processed in the ocean water column, including environmental conditions and the functional capabilities of the communities. Recent studies have shown that bathypelagic prokaryotes are metabolically flexible, but whether this versatility translates into a higher ability to process DOM has been barely explored. Here we performed a multifactorial transplant experiment to compare the growth, activity and changes in DOM quality in surface and bathypelagic waters inoculated with either surface or bathypelagic prokaryotic communities. The effect of nutrient additions to surface waters was also explored. Despite no differences in the cell abundance of surface and deep ocean prokaryotes were observed in any of the treatments, in surface waters with nutrients the heterotrophic production of surface prokaryotes rapidly decreased. Conversely, bathypelagic communities displayed a sustained production throughout the experiment. Incubations with surface prokaryotes always led to a significant accumulation of recalcitrant compounds, which did not occur with bathypelagic prokaryotes, suggesting they have a higher ability to process DOM. These contrasting abilities could be explained by the recruitment of a comparatively larger number of opportunistic taxa within the bathypelagic assemblages, which likely resulted in a broader community capability of substrate utilization. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. | |||||
22892. 题目: Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Structures, Dynamics, and Aggregation of Dissolved Organic Matter | |||||
22893. 题目: Isotope Exchange between Mercuric [Hg(II)] Chloride and Hg(II) Bound to Minerals and Thiolate Ligands: Implications for Enriched Isotope Tracer Studies Enriched mercury (Hg) stable isotopes have been widely used as tracers in field and laboratory investigations of Hg(II) biogeochemical transformations such as methylation and demethylation. Few studies, however, have considered concurrent isotope exchange reactions between newly spiked and pre-existing Hg(II) in environmental matrices, which may alter redistribution and thus transformation of the spiked and pre-existing Hg(II). Using enriched 198Hg [as mercuric Hg(II) or HgCln species], this study investigated isotope exchange between 198Hg and pre-existing Hg(II) bound to metacinnabar (β-HgS), sediments, low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols, and dissolved organic matter (DOM). The impact of isotope exchange on methylmercury production in the presence of organic ligands was also evaluated with an iron-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA in a phosphate buffered solution (pH 7.4). We found that spiked 198Hg readily exchanged with mineral-bound ambient Hg(II) despite concurrent Hg(II) adsorption and immobilization on the solids. Rapid exchange (< 3 min) was also observed between spiked 198Hg and 200Hg pre-equilibrated with LMW thiols and DOM in solution. While the exchange did not cause net changes in Hg(II) chemical speciation, it resulted in redistribution of Hg(II) isotopes bound to the ligands and thus an apparently similar methylation rate and magnitude of the spiked 198Hg and pre-existing 200Hg by PCA cells when 198Hg and 200Hg were added at 1:1 ratio. These observations underscore the importance of isotope exchange when an enriched Hg isotope is applied in environmental matrices, as the exchange could potentially lead to biased rate calculations of Hg(II) transformation and bioaccumulation and thus risk assessments of new Hg(II) input to the natural ecosystems. | |||||
22894. 题目: Effects of three types of amendments in woodchip-denitrifying bioreactors for tile drainage water treatment Excess nutrient inflow from tile-drained agricultural fields significantly contributes to the pollution of surface waters in Lithuania. Therefore, two parallel experiments, each using three pilot-scale woodchip-denitrifying bioreactors, were conducted for 2.5- and 1.5-year periods to test whether activated carbon (C) and flaxseed cake (both 10% v/v) and biochar (10% v/v and 20% v/v made of deciduous wood) additives, respectively, can enhance the removal of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) and phosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P) from tile drainage water and reduce C losses from bioreactors. Higher NO3-N removal efficiencies and rates were achieved in bioreactors amended with activated C (10% v/v) and biochar (20% v/v) than in those amended with woodchips alone. Bioreactors amended with 10% v/v flaxseed cake and 10% v/v biochar showed no significant differences from those amended with woodchips alone. The ability to enhance NO3-N removal by the addition of activated C and biochar was particularly evident at lower temperatures (≤10.0 °C). Moreover, activated C has proven to be an effective additive capable of substantially reducing C losses and supporting the lowest C/N (i.e., carbon loss to N removal) ratios. To a lesser extent, these capabilities were also characteristic of biochar-amended woodchips, whereas the addition of flaxseed cake resulted in the highest C/N removal ratios. These experiments also revealed that woodchips, alone or amended with flaxseed cake or activated C, are a suitable media that can allow PO4-P removal. However, the addition of biochar demonstrated large releases of PO4-P and other inorganic elements. Biochar itself was found to be a potential PO4-P source that poses a risk of large startup and over time releases. Although the addition of activated C under non-N-limiting conditions resulted in undesirable sulfate-sulfur (SO4-S) reduction (this occurred in all study bioreactors), the experiments demonstrated that the addition of activated C can be used to design a more efficient bioreactor with prolonged longevity and higher NO3-N and PO4-P removal capacities. Owing to the risk of adverse environmental effects (i.e., decreased pH, large exports of inorganic elements or organic C), the application of biochar or flaxseed cake additives in woodchip-denitrifying bioreactors proved to be limited for tile water treatment. | |||||
22895. 题目: Exposure of Nanoplastics to Freeze-Thaw Leads to Aggregation and Reduced Transport in Model Groundwater Environments | |||||
22896. 题目: Evaluating the effects of plastic film mulching patterns on cultivation of winter wheat in a dryland cropping system on the Loess Plateau, China Plastic film mulching (PFM) can increase or stabilize crop yields worldwide when applied to agricultural planting systems, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Although the adverse effects that are caused by residual plastic film, such as plastic pollution, are becoming a global concern, the application of PFM will not be replaced by other materials in the short-term in agriculture. It is important to understand the various PFM patterns (different mulching periods and coverage rates) that impact on soil physicochemical properties and characteristics of crop growth. Therefore, based on a field experiment that we established in 2002, we conducted consecutive field observations from 2013 to 2016 to determine the optimum PFM mulching period and coverage rate. Three mulching periods were included: (I) summer fallow period (FM), (II) growth period (GM), and (III) whole growth year (WM). Two coverage rates were included: (i) 50%, half mulching (HM), and (ii) 100%, total mulching (TM). That is, there were six different PFM treatments. No mulching (NM) over the growth years was considered the CK treatment. PFM increased canopy height and leaf area index of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the growing season by 29.5% and 19.4%, respectively. Average winter wheat grain yields of various PFM patterns were 5318.5 kg ha−1 and 4557.7 kg ha−1 in 2013–2014 and 2015–2016, respectively; these yields were 13.8% and 23.7% higher than NM in 2013–2014 and 2015–2016, respectively. However, the difference in the growth characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat under various PFM patterns resulted from the change in the mulching period and coverage rate. Winter wheat grain yield and biomass increased with GM and WM compared with FM and NM in normal rainfall years. PFM coverage rates improved yield significantly (P < 0.05) and influenced soil nutrient concentrations. HM maintained or increased soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen concentrations, but TM decreased SOM concentration by 8.3%. Water use efficiency (WUE) and rainfall use efficiency (RUE) were improved by various PFM patterns. Furthermore, WM had the most significant impact on SOM concentrations, GM was second, and FM was minor. Considering the costs and benefits of PFM patterns, the half coverage rate of PFM during the whole year (FWH) had the best index (BI) value, and the total coverage rate of PFM during the growth period (FGT) and the half coverage rate of PFM during the growth period (FGH) had higher BI values than other PFM patterns; the values for BI for FWH, FGT, and FGH were 10.3, 8.9, and 8.5, respectively. In conclusion, ignoring the amount of PFM pollution in the environment (or use biodegradable film instead of polyethylene film), FWH was the best PFM pattern with the highest WUE and RUE in dryland rainfed agriculture. But, to decrease the amount of PFM application and pollution, FGH was more beneficial for soil health with a low coverage rate and short mulching period. FGH was the optimal pattern for PFM when applied to winter wheat on the Loess Plateau, China based on our field experiment. | |||||
22897. 题目: Long-term fertilisation reveals close associations between soil organic carbon composition and microbial traits at aggregate scales Fertilisation plays key roles in soil organic carbon (SOC) formation and stabilization by regulating a range of microbial traits. However, little is known about the relationships between SOC composition and microbial traits under long-term fertilisation at aggregate scales. Here, we selected four long-term fertilisation field experiments in China to evaluate the potential associations between SOC composition and microbial traits within aggregates. The four experiments have been treated for more than 25 years with inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilisers (NPK), organic manure (M), and NPK plus M (NPKM). After aggregate isolation, SOC physical fractions including free particulate organic carbon (fPOC), occluded particulate organic carbon (oPOC) and mineral organic carbon (MOC) was measured via density fractionation. SOC chemical structure was determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and the bacterial community composition was analysed using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. The results showed that fertilisation increased the contents of free particulate organic carbon (fPOC) and occluded particulate organic carbon (oPOC) while decreasing the relative abundance of aromatic C in macroaggregates. Irrespective of fertilisation regime, the relative abundance of cellulose-degrading genes (cbhI and GH48 genes) was higher in the clay and silt fractions than in the macro- and microaggregates. Structural equation modeling indicated that SOC chemical structure was associated with pH-driving shifts in bacterial community composition, and its physical fractions were associated with soil nutrients-induced (mainly total N and P) changes in cellulose-degrading genes and specific taxa in macroaggregates. Finally, we conclude that fertilisation changed soil pH and total N, which were the major drivers affecting the SOC physical fractions and chemical structure, and the effects were caused by altering the bacterial community composition and fungal genes involved in C cycling within soil aggregates following long-term fertilisation. | |||||
22898. 题目: Pyrolysis of waste biomass and plastics for production of biochar and its use for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution The aim of this work was to study the pyrolysis of waste biomass and plastics and use the produced biochar for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. The batch experiments of Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd and Pb with biochars and plastic chars were carried for determining the effects of various experimental parameters (feedstock, contact time, adsorbent dose, pH and pyrolysis temperature). The isothermal sorption models demonstrated that the sorption capacities of biochars are higher in comparison to the plastic chars. The maximum removal efficiency shown by biochars and plastic chars at pH 4 was 99.86% and 99.93%, respectively. Both the carbon materials are thereby recognized as an environment-friendly and efficient pollutant control material at various studied parameters. | |||||
22899. 题目: Genomic insights into waste valorized extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by Bacillus sp. ISTL8 The present study discusses the genomic analysis of Bacillus sp. ISTL8 along with the production of EPS (Extracellular polymeric substances) using carbofuran, a toxic carbamate pesticide. Bacillus strain was isolated from landfill soil and evaluated for high growth rates and EPS production. One strain, renamed ISTL8 grew on a broad range of carbon sources, including toxic carbofuran, while producing copious EPS. Growth assays verified the strain to be thermophilic, low salt tolerant, and with a preference for neutral pH. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) was used for morphological characterization of the EPS while the monomeric composition, bonding patterns and functional groups were deduced by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry), 1H and 13C NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). The production of EPS using carbofuran (carbamate pesticide) as a carbon source was found to be 6.20 ± 0.29 g L−1 containing 61.17% w/w carbohydrates, 29.72% w/w proteins and 6.11% w/w lipids (of dry EPS). The potential cytotoxicity of EPS was evaluated with 3- (4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-Yl) −2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and found non-toxic (2.25%). WGS (Whole genome sequencing) was performed for the strain Bacillus sp. ISTL8 producing EPS; an array of genes putatively involved in the EPS production were identified in several different genomic locations, guiding potential genetic manipulation studies in the future. The results highlight the potency of a bacterial isolate Bacillus sp. ISTL8 to produce non-cytotoxic EPS using carbofuran that can be further harnessed for environmental and commercial applications. Additionally, WGS revealed an array of EPS specific genes which can be effectively engineered for much enhanced production. | |||||
22900. 题目: pH-Responsive Fluorescence EEM to Titrate the Interaction between Fluorophores and Acid/Base Groups in Water-Soluble Organic Compounds of PM 2.5 | |||||
