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12721. 题目: Key driving factors of selenium-enriched soil in the low-Se geological belt: A case study in Red Beds of Sichuan Basin, China Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans given its varying health benefits. It is generally recognized that China has a wide belt of low-Se soil stretching from the northeast to southwest. Nevertheless, there are Se-enriched areas distributed in the low-Se belt of China. However, the quantificational relationships among soil properties, topographic characteristics, parent materials, land use and soil Se content in those Se-enriched soils remain to be elucidated. Similarly, the key driving factors of the Se-enriched soil in the low-Se geological belt need to be documented. These aims could be an useful basis for evaluating the health of the soil ecosystem (in terms of Se toxicity or deficiency) and the potential intake of Se by humans from soils to food crops and animal products. To solve the above questions, Jiangjin district, Chongqing City, as an area in low Se red beds, was selected, and 156 topsoil samples were collected to explore the relationships between Se content in topsoil under various land use type and soil properties (pH, organic matter (OM), major elements content in topsoil) and topographic characteristics such as elevation (H), slope (SL), and topographic wetness index (TWI) and geological condition (stratum). Geostatistics, principal component analysis (PCA) and Geodetector were used to analyze the controlling factors of Se distribution in topsoil. The results show that in the analyzed topsoil (1) Se contents vary from 0.039 to 1.110 mg/kg, with a mean of 0.315 mg/kg, and higher than the background value of Chinese soil (0.290 mg/kg). 82.3% are classified as having moderate Se levels (Se > 0.175 mg/kg). (2) The Se contents in northeast of Jiangjin district are higher (Se > 0.315 mg/kg) than the midwest (Se < 0.315 mg/kg). (3) The key controlling factor of the soil Se distribution is OM. In addition, the soil weathering and leaching process and pedogenic rock are the secondary factors controlling Se distribution. Together, these findings reveal that Se-rich soil of low Se belt tends to be distributed in regions with higher OM, stronger leaching, and carbonate parent materials. These observations are beneficial to explore the Se-rich soil resources in low Se region in China. | |||||
12722. 题目: Spectroscopic indices trace spatiotemporal variability of dissolved organic matter in a river system with Karst characteristic River acts as a continuum of dissolved organic matter (DOM) transport and transformation. However, underlying controls of fluvial DOM spatiotemporal variability has yet to be revealed. Here, we explored the DOM component, molecular weight and source in the Longchuan River, a headwater tributary of the Yangtze with Karst characteristic. Concentrated rainfall, severe soil erosion and in-situ metabolism primarily controlled DOM component and molecular weight in the Karst river, resulting in accumulation of recalcitrant (high molecular weight) DOMs from tributaries to the main stem in the post-wet period. We found a robust relationship between DOM absorption coefficients (a280 and a350) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations from a multiple linear regression model: [DOC] = 0.098a285 + 0.591a350 + 1.337 (R2 = 0.83, p < 0.001). High fluorescence index (FI) values (>1.9) indicated a dominant origin of autochthonous DOM. Biological index (BIX) values exhibited an increasing trend along the flow direction, suggesting a large amount of recently produced DOM from phytoplankton downstream. Our findings demonstrated that both allochthonous and autochthonous inputs regulated DOM dynamics in a river continuum with Karst characteristic, highlighting spatiotemporal variability of DOM response to River Continuum Concept (RCC). | |||||
12723. 题目: Increase of soil nitrogen availability and recycling with stand age of Chinese-fir plantations Soil nitrogen (N) is frequently limiting forest productivity, especially in plantations. To investigate the soil N dynamics and the consequences of N accumulation as well as the losses in the ecosystem, we studied a chronosequence of Chinese-fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata [Lamb.] Hook) plantations with stands aged 3, 16, 25, 32, and >80 years. Total N (TN), dissolved organic N (DON), microbial biomass N (MBN) and mineral N (i.e., ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−)) in the top 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm soils were compared with the annual N accumulation by trees, annual litter N return and microbial N transformation rates. Stronger changes with stand age were observed in all N forms in the top 5 cm compared to the 5–15 cm layer. Topsoil TN and DON increased steadily in stands from ages 3- to >80-years-old by 1.9-times and 2.1-times, respectively. MBN increased from 206 mg kg−1 to 327 mg kg−1 in the first 25 years and stabilized thereafter. NH4+ content increased sharply from 3 to 16 years and then stabilized, while NO3− increased linearly with stand age. Both N demand of Chinese-fir and litter N input were clearly age dependent and defined the soil N status: rapid tree biomass accumulation in younger stands greatly depleted soil N, while the older stands with larger litter return and slower growth enabled N re-accumulation in the topsoil. The close positive correlation between total mineral N and gross mineralization rate, as well as between NO3− and gross nitrification rate indicated that the mineralization of soil organic matter and the nitrification of released NH4+ were the two primary microbial processes controlling the available N supply. The topsoil NO3−: NH4+ ratio in older stands (32- and >80 years) was greater than 1.0, and the MBN: (NH4+ + NO3−) ratio was greatly reduced. This indicates that N availability increase and N cycling is accelerated with stands age. | |||||
12724. 题目: Impacts of fish farming on elemental stoichiometry, fluorescence components, and stable isotopes of dissolved organic matter in a tropical reservoir Aquaculture impacts on aquatic organic matter and ecosystem integrity are poorly understood, especially in tropical regions. Here, we investigated the impacts of Nile tilapia net cage farming on the elemental stoichiometry, fluorescence components, and stable isotopes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of the large, tropical Furnas Reservoir (SE Brazil). Early-stage fish farming, i.e., relatively small and recently implemented farms, had detectable incipient effects on DOM characteristics, and these effects differed between reservoir branches. In the less eutrophic Rio Grande branch of the reservoir, we found a reduction in natural humic-like DOM components and an increase in a protein-like DOM component as far as 100 m away from fish farms. Further, we observed a decrease in δ15N-TDN due to fish farming. In the more eutrophic Rio Sapucaí branch, there were only local decreases in C:N ratios, as well as rises in C:P and N:P of DOM due to fish farming. These results suggest that early-stage fish farming had local but detectable effects on aquatic DOM that depended on previous eutrophication levels and highlight the need to assess the early impacts of fish farming on tropical reservoirs by combining different monitoring strategies. | |||||
12725. 题目: Rainstorm events shift the molecular composition and export of dissolved organic matter in a large drinking water reservoir in China: High frequency buoys and field observations Rainstorm events can flush large amounts of terrestrial organic-rich material into lakes that are used for drinking water. To date, few studies have been carried out to investigate how rainstorm events change the molecular composition, bio-lability, and flux of upstream-imported dissolved organic matter (DOM), which can impact the odor and taste of drinking water as well as the efficiency of wastewater treatment. We undertook high-frequency buoy monitoring and point sample collection (n = 495), during high, moderate, and low discharge, in Lake Qiandao, a key drinking water source for about 10 million people. Data from two online fluorescent DOM sensors deployed and field samples collected at the river site, Jiekou, and the lake site, Xiaojinshan, showed that rainstorm events increased the specific UV absorbance (SUVA254), humification index (HIX), humic-like components (C1-C2), and FT-ICR MS derived condensed aromatic and polyphenolic compounds (p < 0.001) and decreased the spectral slope of DOM (S275-295), spectral slope ratio (SR), biological index (BIX), and highly bio-degradable peptide-like and aliphatic substances (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that rainstorm events enhanced the export to the lake of colored, hydrophobic, and aromatic DOM. Upstream-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations decreased (p < 0.001), while DOC bio-availability (BDOC) increased only slightly (p < 0.05) during rainstorm events. The loss rate of DOC in Lake Qiandao is 0.82 × 104 t C yr−1, of which 0.30 × 104 t C yr−1 is highly bio-labile, and higher occurrences of both ≥ 25 mm d−1 and ≥ 50 mm d−1 rainfall events are anticipated by linear fittings for this region in the future. The application of in situ fluorescence sensors provides an early warning of contamination caused by rainstorm events and may be useful in advising drinking water treatment plant managers of changes in raw water DOM quality and treatability. | |||||
12726. 题目: Air oxidation coupling NH3 treatment of biomass derived hierarchical porous biochar for enhanced toluene removal In this study, hierarchical porous biochar was prepared from poplar sawdust by air oxidation coupling with NH3 treatment for the removal of toluene. The results showed that the mesopore volume of the sample with air oxidation (PS‒O2) increased significantly to 0.263 cm3/g from the blank sample (PS, 0.053 cm3/g). This could be attributed to the selective removal of the lignin carbon by air oxidation to develop mesopores in biochar. Following further NH3 treatment (PS‒O2‒NH3), the basic surface chemistry on biochar was improved due to increased basic N-containing groups and decreased acidic O-containing groups, together with the micropore volume also increased to 0.231 cm3/g from 0.186 cm3/g of PS‒O2. The formation mechanism of hierarchical porous structure of biochar was also discussed. The adsorption capacity of PS‒O2‒NH3 for toluene reached 218.4 mg/g at the initial concentration of 820 mg/m3, which was 383.2% higher than that of PS. The adsorption isotherm study indicated that the adsorption process of toluene was monolayered and the maximal adsorption capacity of PS‒O2‒NH3 for toluene could reach as high as 476.2 mg/g. The results demonstrated that air oxidation coupling NH3 treatment is a highly effective method for the preparation of hierarchical porous biochar for enhancing toluene adsorption performance. | |||||
12727. 题目: Characterisation of groundwater dissolved organic matter using LC-OCD: Implications for water treatment The polarity and molecular weight of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important factor determining the treatability of water for domestic supply. DOM in surface water and groundwater is comprised of a mixture of carbon with varying molecular weight ranges, with its composition driven by DOM sources and processing. Here, we present the largest dataset of chromatographic DOM in surface and groundwater samples (n = 247) using liquid chromatography organic carbon detection (LC-OCD). Our data represents four categories (surface water, hyporheic zone water, local groundwater, and regional groundwater) from five different sites across Australia. In all environments, high molecular weight hydrophilic DOM such as biopolymers (BP) and humic substances (HS) are present in surface waters and are processed out of groundwater as it moves from surface water and hyporheic zones into shallow local groundwater and deeper regional groundwaters. This results in a higher percentage of low molecular weight neutrals (LMWN) and hydrophobic organic carbon (HOC) in deeper regional groundwaters. Our findings indicate that the presence of sedimentary organic matter strongly influence the character of surface and groundwater DOM, resulting in groundwater with higher HS aromaticity and molecular weight, and reduced percentage of LMWNs. We also observe highly variable hydrophilic / HOC ratios in groundwater at all sites, with 9.60% and 25.64% of samples at sites containing sedimentary peat layers and non-sedimentary peat sites respectively containing only hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We identify average hydrophilic / HOC ratios of 4.35 ± 3.76 and 7.53 ± 5.32 at sites containing sedimentary peat layers and non-sedimentary peat sites respectively where both hydrophilic DOC and HOC are present. Overall our results suggest that fractured rock and alluvial aquifers in sedimentary organic carbon poor environments may contain DOC which is better suited to ozonation, biologically activated carbon filtration powdered activated carbon, suspended ion exchange treatment or magnetic ion exchange resin since DOC is more hydrophilic and of lower molecular weight and lower aromaticity. Aquifers located near sedimentary organic matter layers may benefit from pre-treatment by coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation and sand filtration which have high removal efficiency for high molecular weight and polar compounds. | |||||
12728. 题目: Biogenic Fenton reaction – a possible mechanism for the mineralization of organic carbon in fresh waters To explore the mechanisms that mineralize poorly bioavailable natural organic carbon (OC), we measured the mineralization of OC in two lake waters over long-term experiments (up to 623 days) at different pH and iron (Fe) levels. Both microbial and photochemical mineralization was higher at pH acidified to 4 than at the ambient pH 5 or an elevated pH 6. During 244 days, microbes mineralized up to 60% of OC in 10-µm filtrates of lake water and more than 27% in 1-µm filtrates indicating that large-sized microbes/grazers enhance the mineralization of OC. A reactivity continuum model indicated that acidification stimulated the microbial mineralization of OC especially in the later (>weeks) phases of experiment when the bioavailability of OC was poor. The reactive oxygen species produced by light or microbial metabolism could have contributed to the mineralization of poorly bioavailable OC through photochemical and biogenic Fenton processes catalyzed by indigenous Fe in lake water. When Fe was introduced to artificial lake water to the concentration found in the study lakes, it increased the densities of bacteria growing on solid phase extracted dissolved organic matter and in a larger extent at low pH 4 than at pH 5. Our results suggest that in addition to the photochemical Fenton process (photo-Fenton), microbes can transfer poorly bioavailable OC into labile forms and CO2 through extracellular Fe-catalyzed reactions (i.e., biogenic Fenton process). | |||||
12729. 题目: A solar photo-thermochemical hybrid system using peroxydisulfate for organic matters removal and improving ultrafiltration membrane performance in surface water treatment Solar energy is considered one of the most promising energy sources for the degradation of pollutants in the water treatments. An innovative solar photo-thermochemical system involving peroxydisulfate (PDS) as an oxidant and xenon lamp as a solar irradiation light source was applied with hopes to degrade organic matters and alleviate the ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling when treating the real surface water. Moreover, heat-activated PDS pretreatment was used as a comparison to explore the respective proportions of solar light and heating effects, finding that solar light effect dominated the activation of PDS to degrade natural organic matters (NOMs) when the reaction temperature was below 50°C and they both contributed to the production of free radicals at the temperature of > 50°C. The results indicated that solar-activated PDS pretreatment significantly alleviated membrane fouling caused by Songhua River water with the highest transmembrane pressure (TMP) reduction of approximately 69.6% at 70°C. Organic substances (characterized by DOC, UV254 and the maximum florescent intensity) and micropollutant (atrazine) in the feed water were better degraded in the presence of solar light. Both total fouling index (TFI) and hydraulic irreversible fouling index (HIFI) were moderate correlated with the UV254 and DOC, whereas remarkably correlated with the Fmax of component 2 (C2) and component 3 (C3). In addition, no significant correlation was observed between fouling indexes (TFI and HIFI) and the Fmax of component 1 (C1). The membrane irreversible fouling was attributed to the accumulation of cake layers mainly composed of protein-like substances on the membrane surface. Solar-activated PDS pretreatment would efficiently degrade the protein-like substances and terrestrially derived humic-like matters to control UF membrane fouling. The findings are beneficial to develop new strategies for membrane fouling based on the solar irradiation and PDS oxidation. | |||||
12730. 题目: Unveiling the transformation of dissolved organic matter during ozonation of municipal secondary effluent based on FT-ICR-MS and spectral analysis Ozonation is a well-recognized process in advanced treatment of municipal secondary effluent for water reclamation. However, the transformation of dissolved effluent organic matter (dEfOM) during ozonation of real effluents, particularly at molecular level, has been scarcely reported. In this study, we performed ozonation treatments on real secondary effluents from two municipal wastewater treatment plants, and used Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and various spectroscopic techniques to probe the transformation of dEfOM at four ozone dosage levels (0.28, 0.61, 0.89, and 1.21 mg O3/mg DOC). Most of the precursors were unsaturated and reduced compounds (positive double bond equivalent minus oxygen per carbon ((DBE−O)/C) and negative nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC)), whereas the products were mainly the saturated and oxidized ones (negative (DBE−O)/C and positive NOSC). As the ozone dosage increased, the relative abundance of O8–19 species gradually increased in the ozonated samples, whereas an opposite trend was observed for O5–7S1 species. Further, we employed 18 types of reactions to represent the ozonation process, and found that the oxygenation reaction (+3O) possessed the largest number of possible precursor-product pairs, and CHON compounds possessed the highest reactivity. Besides the dominant oxygenation reactions, decyclopropyl (−C3H4) was relatively common reaction for CHON compounds, while it was oxidative desulfonation (−SH2) for CHOS ones. In addition, the transformation of precursors to products accompanied with the drop of (DBE−O)/C, and the increase of NOSC and the O/C ratio. The precursors with aromaticity and fluorescence were mainly correlated with the compounds featuring higher (DBE−O)/C and lower NOSC values. This study is believed to help better understand and improve the application of ozonation process in advanced treatment of real wastewater. | |||||
12731. 题目: Efficiency of pre-oxidation of natural organic matter for the mitigation of disinfection byproducts: Electron donating capacity and UV absorbance as surrogate parameters Pre-oxidation is often used before disinfection with chlorine to decrease the reactivity of the water matrix and mitigate the formation of regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This study provides insights on the impact of oxidative pre-treatment with chlorine dioxide (ClO2), ozone (O3), ferrate (Fe(VI)) and permanganate (Mn(VII)) on Suwannee River Natural Organic Matter (SRNOM) properties characterized by the UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) and the electron donating capacity (EDC). Changes in NOM reactivity and abatement of DBP precursors are also assessed. The impact of pre-oxidants (based on molar concentration) on UV254 abatement ranked in the order O3 > Mn(VII) > Fe(VI)/ClO2, while the efficiency of pre-oxidation on EDC abatement followed the order Mn(VII) > ClO2 > Fe(VI) > O3 and two phases were observed. At low specific ClO2, Fe(VI) and Mn(VII) doses corresponding to < 50% EDC abatement, a limited relative abatement of UV254 compared to the EDC was observed (~ 8% EDC abatement per 1% UV254 abatement). This suggests the oxidation of phenolic-type moieties to quinone-type moieties which absorb UV254 and don't contribute to EDC. At higher oxidant doses (> 50% EDC abatement), a similar abatement of EDC and UV254 (~ 0.9–1.2% EDC abatement per 1% UV254 abatement) suggested aromatic ring cleavage. In comparison to the other oxidants, O3 abated the relative UV254 more effectively, due to a more efficient cleavage of aromatic rings. For a pre-oxidation with Mn(VII), ClO2 and Fe(VI), similar correlations between the EDC abatement and the chlorine demand or the adsorbable organic halide (AOX) formation were obtained. In contrast, O3 pre-treatment led to a lower chlorine demand and AOX formation for equivalent EDC abatement. For all oxidants, trihalomethane formation was poorly correlated with both EDC and UV254. The EDC abatement was found to be a pre-oxidant-independent surrogate for haloacetonitrile formation. These results emphasize the benefits of combining EDC and UV254 measurement to understand and monitor oxidant-induced changes of NOM and assessing DBP formation. | |||||
12732. 题目: Magnetic biochar derived from waste palm kernel shell for biodiesel production via sulfonation Due to its environment-friendly and replenishable characteristics, biodiesel has the potential to substitute fossil fuels as an alternative source of energy. Although biodiesel has many benefits to offer, manufacturing biodiesel on an industrial scale is uneconomical as a high cost of feedstock is required. A novel sulfonated and magnetic catalyst synthesised from a palm kernel shell (PMB-SO3H) was first introduced in this study for methyl ester or biodiesel production to reduce capital costs. The wasted palm kernel shell (PKS) biochar impregnated with ferrite Fe3O4 was synthesised with concentrated sulphuric acid through the sulfonation process. The SEM, EDX, FTIR, VSM and TGA characterization of the catalysts were presented. Then, the optimisation of biodiesel synthesis was catalysed by PMB-SO3H via the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). It was found that the maximum biodiesel yield of 90.2% was achieved under these optimum operating conditions: 65 °C, 102 min, methanol to oil ratio of 13:1 and the catalyst loading of 3.66 wt%. Overall, PMB-SO3H demonstrated acceptable catalysing capability on its first cycle, which subsequently showed a reduction of the reusability performance after 4 cycles. An important practical implication is that PMB-SO3H can be established as a promising heterogeneous catalyst by incorporating an iron layer which can substantially improve the catalyst separation performance in biodiesel production. | |||||
12733. 题目: Mechanistic Insights into Dissolved Organic Sulfur Photomineralization through the Study of Cysteine Sulfinic Acid | |||||
12734. 题目: Molecular Sorption Mechanisms of Cr(III) to Organo-Ferrihydrite Coprecipitates Using Synchrotron-Based EXAFS and STXM Techniques | |||||
12735. 题目: Do different land use changes in a deciduous forest ecosystem result in alterations in soil organic C and total N stocks? | |||||
12736. 题目: Improving sulfonamide antibiotics removal from swine wastewater by supplying a new pomelo peel derived biochar in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor Sulfonamide antibiotics (SMs), as a class of antibiotics commonly used in swine industries, pose a serious threat to animal and human health. This study aims to evaluate the performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) with and without supplying a new pomelo peel derived biochar to treat swine wastewater containing SMs. Results show that 0.5 g/L biochar addition could increase more than 30% of sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfamethazine (SMZ) removal in AnMBR. Approximately 95% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed in the AnMBR at an influent organic loading rate (OLR) of 3.27 kg COD/(m3·d) while an average methane yield was 0.2 L/g CODremoved with slightly change at a small dose 0.5 g/L biochar addition. SMs inhibited the COD removal and methane production and increased membrane fouling. The addition of biochar could reduce the membrane fouling by reducing the concentration of SMP and EPS. | |||||
12737. 题目: Coconut husk biochar amendment enhances nutrient retention by suppressing nitrification in agricultural soil following anaerobic digestate application Anaerobic digestate and biochar are by-products of the biogasification and pyrolysis of agricultural wastes. This study tested the hypothesis that combined application of anaerobic pig/cattle manure digestate and coconut husk (CH) biochar can improve soil nutrient conditions, whilst minimizing atmospheric and groundwater pollution risks. Microcosms simulated digestate application to agricultural soil with and without CH biochar. Ammonia volatilization and nutrient leaching were quantified after simulated heavy rainfalls. Archaeal and bacterial community and abundance changes in soils were quantified via next generation sequencing and qPCR of 16S rRNA genes. Nitrifying bacteria were additionally quantified by qPCR of functional genes. It was found that CH biochar retarded nitrate leaching via slower nitrification in digestate-amended soil. CH biochar reduced both nitrifying archaea and bacteria abundance in soil by 71–83 percent in the top 4 cm soil layer and 66–80 percent in the deeper soil layer one month after the digestate application. Methanotroph abundances were similarly reduced in the CH biochar amended soils. These findings demonstrate combined benefits of anaerobic digestate and CH biochar application which are relevant for the development of a more circular rural economy with waste minimization, renewable energy production, nutrient recycling and reduced water pollution from agricultural land. | |||||
12738. 题目: Microbial community shift via black carbon: Insight into biological nitrogen removal from microbial assemblage and functional patterns Understanding the ecological relationship of microbial community under external stimulation is crucial for environmental restoration. Black carbon (e.g., biochar) have been widely deemed as a strategy to enhance pollutants removal because of its structure and redox-active property. However, the underlying ecological mechanism of microbial community under black carbon addition is poorly understood. The major purposes of this study were to determine the microbial assemblage and functional patterns via null model test, network analysis, and function prediction. The results showed that the nitrate removal efficiency of modified black carbon system achieved 46.44%. Both deterministic and stochastic processes were significant for mediating the microbial assemblage and the deterministic process dominated (>95%) the assemblage of community. Keystone taxa in the black carbon systems, involving Sulfuricella, Allorhizobium, and Nitrospira, stimulated the shift of community composition regarding the nitrogen removal. The existence of black carbon and the biotic interactions increased biological nitrate utilization and promoted nitrogen removal. Overall, this study presents the mechanism of bacterial community assembly and provides insight into biological nitrogen removal from microbial ecological perspective. | |||||
12739. 题目: Features of the chemical structure of different organic matter pools in Haplic Chernozem of the Streletskaya steppe: 13C MAS NMR study | |||||
12740. 题目: Emerging investigator series: Heterogeneous OH oxidation of primary brown carbon aerosol: effects of relative humidity and volatility | |||||
